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Preface
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brain and Myelin
1.2 Multiple Sclerosis
1.3 Motivation
1.4 Review of NMR and MRI work on Brain
1.4.1 T2 Relaxation
1.4.2 T1 Relaxation
1.4.3 Magnetization Transfer
1.5 Overview of Thesis
2 GENERAL THEORY
2.1 Relaxation
2.2 Second Moment
2.3 Cross Relaxation and Exchange
2.4 Magnetization Transfer
3 GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Samples
3.1.1 Bovine brain
3.1.2 Human brain
3.2 NMR and MRI Equipment
3.3 NMR Pulse Sequences and Analyses
3.3.1 Free Induction Decay
3.3.2 Spin-Spin Relaxation
3.3.3 Spin-Lattice Relaxation
3.3.4 Cross Relaxation
3.3.5 T1-T2 Relaxation
3.3.6 Cross-T2 Relaxation Dependence
3.4 MRI Pulse Sequences and Analyses
3.4.1 Magnetization Transfer
3.4.2 T2 Relaxation
3.4.3 T2 Relaxation with MT
3.5 NNLS Analysis of Relaxation
4 COMPARISON OF MTRs AND MYELIN WATER PERCENTAGES
4.1 Summary
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Materials and Methods
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Normal Volunteers
4.4.2 MS Patients
4.4.3 Normal Volunteers vs. MS Patients
4.4.4 Lesions
4.5 Discussion
4.5.1 MTR Values
4.5.2 Comparison of Our MTRs and MWPs with Other Studies
4.5.3 Other Comparisons of MT and T2 Results
4.6 Concluding Remarks
5 MT EFFECTS ON THE SHORT AND LONG T2 RELAXATION...
5.1 Summary
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Materials and Methods
5.3.1 Reproducibility
5.3.2 Binomial MT Pulse
5.3.3 Sinc MT Pulse
5.3.4 MT Frequency Offset
5.3.5 Delay between MT Pulse and 32 Echo Sequence
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Reproducibility
5.4.2 Binomial MT Pulse
5.4.3 Sinc MT Pulse
5.4.4 MT Frequency Offset
5.4.5 Delay between MT Pulse and 32 Echo Sequence
5.5 Discussion
5.6 Concluding Remarks
6 RELAXATION METHODS OF BOVINE BRAIN USING NMR
6.1 Summary
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Materials and Methods
6.3.1 Samples
6.3.2. NMR Experiments
6.4 Results
6.4.1 Free Induction Decay
6.4.2 CPMG
6.4.3 T1 Relaxation
6.4.4 Cross Relaxation
6.4.5 T1-T2 Dependence
6.4.6 Cross-T2 Dependence
6.5 Discussion
6.6 Conclusion
7 DIFFUSION MODEL OF T2 AND T1 RELAXATION IN TWO...
7.1 Summary
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Numerical Methods
7.4 Numerical Applications
7.5 T2 simulations
7.6 T1 simulations
7.7 Discussion
7.8 Concluding Remarks
8 CONCLUSIONS
8.1 This work
8.2 On-going and future work
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix A: SOURCE CODE FOR T2 SIMULATIONS
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